These bacteria are called early colonizers, and they attach to the surfaces using bacterial surface proteins called adhesins.

这些细菌叫做早期定植菌，它们可以通过一种叫做黏附素的细菌表面蛋白黏附在薄膜表面。

For example, Leptospira interrogans, the most common cause of leptospirosis, has adhesins, which are proteins that help this bacteria attach to the host's cells - usually epithelium, monocytes, and macrophages.

举个例子，最常见的致病菌问号钩端螺旋体的粘附素可以帮助细菌粘附在宿主细胞表面，通常是表皮细胞、单核细胞以及巨噬细胞的表面。