石炭纪是地球历史中的一个地质时代。早在1822年石炭纪在英国就已经被看作是一个地质时代中的纪了。石炭纪的名字来自于石炭纪时期在全世界各地形成的煤。它从3.55亿年前开始，延续到2.9亿年前。它与二叠纪和泥盆纪之间的边界的年代主要是通过放射性同位素断代获得的。

对石炭纪的内部分类各个地区使用非常不同的系统，这些不同的系统在其使用地区和传统中却相当稳定。在西欧石炭纪一般被分为上下两个亚纪，在美国分密西西比纪和宾西法尼亚纪，在俄罗斯分上中下三个亚纪。古生物学上的细节划分一般使用海生动物：头足纲动物、腕足纲动物、珊瑚等。陆地植物也被用来对上石炭纪作细节划分。

The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian Period, at 358.9 ± 0.4 million years ago, to the beginning of the Permian Period, at 298.9 ± 0.15 Ma. The name Carboniferous means "coal-bearing" and derives from the Latin words carbō ("coal") and ferō ("I bear, I carry"), and was coined by geologists William Conybeare and William Phillips in 1822. Based on a study of the British rock succession, it was the first of the modern 'system' names to be employed, and reflects the fact that many coal beds were formed globally during this time. The Carboniferous is often treated in North America as two geological periods, the earlier Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian.