Halfwerk added that for the adaptive changes to be lasting, " they need to lead to higher reproduction."

哈夫韦克补充说，为了使适应性变化持久，“它们需要导致更高的繁殖。”

But whether the shocks are good or bad, animal societies have yet to show steady, adaptive change--any cultural progress.

但无论冲击是好还是坏，动物社会都尚未表现出稳定的、适应性的变化——任何文化进步。

These adaptive changes appear to have strengthened interindividual affiliation, increased male-male tolerance and facilitated the stepwise aggregation from independent one-male, multifemale groups to large multilevel societies, the article said.

文章说，这些适应性变化似乎加强了个体间的联系，增加了男性-男性的容忍度，并促进了从独立的一男多女群体逐步聚集到大型多层次社会。