布朗诉托皮卡教育局案（Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)，全名Oliver Brown et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka et al.，以下简称布朗案）是一件美国历史上非常重要、具有指标意义的诉讼案。该案于1954年5月17日由美国最高法院做出决定，判决种族隔离本质上就是一种不平等，因此原告与被告双方所争执的「黑人与白人学童不得进入同一所学校就读」的种族隔离法律必须排除「隔离但平等」先例的适用（该先例由普莱西诉弗格森案──简称普莱西案──所创建），因此种族隔离的法律因为剥夺了黑人学童的入学权利而违反了美国宪法第十四修正案中所保障的平等权而违宪，该法律因而不得在个案中适用，学童不得基于种族因素被拒绝入学。因为本判决的缘故，终止了美国社会中存在已久白人和黑人必须分别就读不同公立学校的种族隔离现象。从本判决后「隔离但平等」的法律原则被推翻，任何法律上的种族隔离随后都可能因违反宪法所保障的平等权而被判决违宪；同时本案也开启了接下来数年中美国开始废止一切有关种族隔离的措施；美国的民权运动也因为本案迈进一大步，此后数年中美国社会的种族融合与民权扩张等社会上的改变开始兴起且方兴未艾。

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S.483(1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement. However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in Brown II only ordered states to desegregate "with all deliberate speed".