短头蟾科（学名：Brachycephalidae）是两栖纲无尾目的单属科，仅包含短头蟾科（学名：Brachycephalus）。该属下共有十个物种，分布于巴西东南部。

短头蟾为小型蛙，体长仅1厘米左右，其中巴西金蛙是整个南半球最小的蛙类。它们每只脚上仅有三只脚趾，爪上仅有两只手指，而通常的蛙类则分别有五只脚趾和四只手指。

短头蟾一般在日间活动，栖息于林地地表的落叶层中。它们成长时不会经历蝌蚪阶段，而直接孵化成小蛙。卵则被孵在地面上，并通过土壤来防止受热以及捕食者。它们抱合的方式很特殊，一开始是腹股沟抱合，雄性会抱住雌性的腰部；接着转变为腋部抱合，雄性会用前肢紧抱雌性的腋窝。而大多数蛙类只会采用其中一种方式。

The saddleback toads are the family Brachycephalidae /ˈbrækᵻsɛˈfælᵻdiː/ in the order Anura. As traditionally defined, the family is often limited to just one genus, Brachycephalus, but it is closely related to Ischnocnema, which therefore is placed in the family in recent treatments. Brachycephalus species are tiny, often yellow frogs that are native to Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil. In at least one species, B. ephippium, the bright colours are aposematic, warning potential predators of its toxicity, specifically tetrodotoxin.