《民数记》是希伯来圣经及其摩西五经的第四卷。《民数记》是以色列人的第一次人口普查文献，其普查时间在以色列人离开西乃山前，40年后又举行了一次，同时也记录了以色列迁居的过程。

“民数记”这个书名所指的是起初在西奈山及后来在摩押平原数点百姓人数一事。正如第1-4章及第26章所载，这个名字（英文Numbers）采自《通俗拉丁文本圣经》中纽米利(Numeri)一词，而这个字词则从希腊文《七十士译本》的阿利夫摩依(A·rith·moi′)演变而来。然而，犹太人更贴切地将这本书称为必密巴(Bemidh·bar′)，意即“在旷野里”。密巴(midh·bar′)这个希伯来字是指一个没有城镇的旷野之地。数点民众这件事发生于旷野之南及迦南之东的一处地方。

The Book of Numbers (from Greek Ἀριθμοί, Arithmoi; Hebrew: בְּמִדְבַּר, Bəmiḏbar, "In the desert [of]") is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible, and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah.

Numbers begins at Mount Sinai, where the Israelites have received their laws and covenant from God and God has taken up residence among them in the sanctuary. The task before them is to take possession of the Promised Land. The people are numbered and preparations are made for resuming their march. The Israelites begin the journey, but they "murmur" at the hardships along the way, and about the authority of Moses and Aaron. For these acts, God destroys approximately 15,000 of them through various means. They arrive at the borders of Canaan and send spies into the land, but upon hearing the spies' fearful report concerning the conditions in Canaan the Israelites refuse to take possession of it, and God condemns them to death in the wilderness until a new generation can grow up and carry out the task. The book ends with the new generation of Israelites in the Plain of Moab ready for the crossing of the Jordan River.