弗朗茨·博厄斯（英语：Franz Boas，1858年7月9日－1942年12月21日），或译法兰兹·鲍亚士，是德国裔美国人类学家，现代人类学的先驱之一，享有“美国人类学之父”的名号。他也是语言学家，美国语言学研究的先驱。他开创了人类学的四大分支：体质人类学、语言学、考古学以及文化人类学。如同许多当年的先驱者，他的学科训练来自其他学科；他获得物理学博士，并从事地理学的博士后研究。他将科学研究方法运用于人类文化与社会的研究，这个领域先前植基于围绕着奇闻轶事的巨型理论论述。

Franz Uri Boas (/ˈfrɑːnz ˈboʊ.æz/; German:[ˈboːas]; July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology".

Studying in Germany, Boas was awarded a doctorate in 1881 in physics while also studying geography. He then participated in a geographical expedition to northern Canada where he became fascinated with the culture and language of the Baffin Island Inuit. He went on to do field work with the indigenous cultures and languages of the Pacific Northwest. In 1887 he emigrated to the United States where he first worked as a museum curator at the Smithsonian, and in 1899 became professor of anthropology at Columbia University where he remained for the rest of his career. Through his students, many of whom went on to found anthropology departments and research programmes inspired by their mentor, Boas profoundly influenced the development of American anthropology. Among his most significant students were Manuel Gamio, A. L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Edward Sapir, Margaret Mead, and Zora Neale Hurston.