血型是对血液分类的方法，通常是指红细胞的分型，其依据是红细胞表面是否存在某些可遗传的抗原物质。抗原物质可以是蛋白质、糖类、糖蛋白或者糖脂。通常一些抗原来自同一基因的等位基因或密切连锁的几个基因的编码产物，这些抗原就组成一个血型系统。在人类，目前已经发现并为国际输血协会承认的血型系统有30种，有ABO血型系统、Rh血型系统、MNS血型系统、P血型系统，而其中又以ABO血型系统和Rh血型系统（恒河猴因子）最为重要。血型系统对输血具有重要意义，以不兼容的血型输血可能导致溶血反应的发生，造成溶血性贫血、肾衰竭、休克以致死亡。新生儿溶血症也和血型密切相关。

A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system. Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents. A total of 35 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT). The two most important ones are ABO and the RhD antigen; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB and O, with +, − or Null denoting RhD status).