生物聚合物（英语：Biopolymer，又称为生物聚合体、生物多聚体或生物高分子）是由活的生物体产生的聚合物。因为他们是聚合物，生物聚合物包含有单体单元，相互之间以共价键相连以形成更大的结构。根据所使用的单体以及形成的生物聚合物的不同，主要有三大类主要的生物聚合物：多核苷酸是由13个或更多核苷酸单体所组成的长聚合物，多肽是氨基酸的短聚合物，而多糖通常是糖类线性链接而成的结构 。

纤维素是地球上最常见的有机化合物和生物聚合物。大约33％的所有植物物质是纤维素。棉花的纤维素含量为90％，而木材的是50％。

Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules. Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomeric units used and the structure of the biopolymer formed: polynucleotides (RNA and DNA), which are long polymers composed of 13 or more nucleotide monomers; polypeptides, which are short polymers of amino acids; and polysaccharides, which are often linear bonded polymeric carbohydrate structures.