生物化学（英语：biochemistry，也作 biological chemistry），顾名思义是研究生物体中的化学进程的一门学科，常常被简称为生化。它主要用于研究细胞内各组分，如蛋白质、糖类、脂类、核酸等生物大分子的结构和功能。而对于化学生物学来说，则着重于利用化学合成中的方法来解答生物化学所发现的相关问题。

虽然存在着大量不同的生物分子，但实际上有很多大的复合物分子（称为“聚合物”）是由相似的亚基（称为“单体”）结合在一起形成的。每一类生物聚合物分子都有自己的一套亚基类型。例如，蛋白质是由20种氨基酸所组成，而脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）由4种核苷酸构成。生物化学研究集中于重要生物分子的化学性质，特别着重于酶促反应的化学机理。

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is on understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of tissues, organs, and whole organisms—that is, all of biology.