冯·诺伊曼结构（英语：von Neumann architecture），也称冯·纽曼模型（Von Neumann model）或普林斯顿结构（Princeton architecture），是一种将进程指令存储器和数据存储器合并在一起的电脑设计概念结构。本词描述的是一种实作通用图灵机的计算设备，以及一种相对于并行计算的串行式架构参考模型（referential model）。

本架构隐约指导了将保存设备与中央处理器分开的概念，因此依本架构设计出的计算机又称保存程序型电脑。

The von Neumann architecture, also known as the von Neumann model and Princeton architecture, is a computer architecture based on that described in 1945 by the mathematician and physicist John von Neumann and others in the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with parts consisting of a processing unit containing an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms. The meaning has evolved to be any stored-program computer in which an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot occur at the same time because they share a common bus. This is referred to as the von Neumann bottleneck and often limits the performance of the system.