Why do volcanic plumes become electrified?

为什么火山羽流会带电？

" It's the first time we've ever recorded a volcanic plume reaching the mesosphere, " said Simon Proud, a scientist at Oxford and Britain's scientific research center RAL Space.

牛津大学和英国拉尔太空科学研究中心的一位科学家西蒙·普劳德说：“这是我们第一次记录到到达中间层的火山烟柱。”

Some of these proposals are massive in scale, such as suggestions to create a helpful version of volcanic plumes or build a giant sunshade in Earth's orbit.

其中一些提议规模庞大，例如建议创建一个有用的火山羽流版本或在地球轨道上建造一个巨大的遮阳棚。

Proud added that the only other volcanic plume that might have reached the mesosphere might have been released in the eruption in 1883 of Krakatau, a small volcanic island in Indonesia.

普劳德补充说，唯一可能到达中间层的另一股火山柱可能是在1883年印度尼西亚的一个小火山岛喀拉喀托火山爆发时释放出来的。

Sometime around 85 million years ago, a volcanic plume from deep within the Earth's molten mantle layer managed to extend from the Earth's mantle and through the crust and into the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.

大约在 8500 万年前的某个时候，来自地球熔融地幔层深处的火山羽流成功地从地幔中延伸出来，穿过地壳，进入太平洋底部。