In the cytoplasm, the host cell ribosomes take over viral protein production, helping the virus replicate.

在细胞质中，宿主细胞核糖体接管病毒蛋白的生产，帮助病毒复制。

Some scientists think the body is tricked by viral proteins that look very much like nerve proteins.

有科学家认为身体被看起来很像神经蛋白的病毒蛋白欺骗了。

This means that their RNA is actually mRNA, which the host cell ribosomes use to make viral proteins.

这意味着它们的RNA实际上是宿主细胞核糖体用来制造病毒蛋白的mRNA。

Uninfected cells start secreting interferons alpha and beta, which inhibits viral protein synthesis and protects those cells from getting infected.

未被感染的细胞开始分泌α和β干扰素，阻止病毒蛋白质的合成，使其他细胞免于被感染。

" Only when we put this viral trap protein it works, " said Daniell.

“只有当我们放入这种病毒陷阱蛋白时， 它才会起作用， ” 丹尼尔说。

First, researchers encode trillions of mRNA molecules with the instructions for a specific viral protein.

首先，研究人员使用特定病毒蛋白的指令对数万亿个 mRNA 分子进行编码。

Once inside the cell, the ribosome translates the mRNA's instructions and begins assembling the viral protein.

一旦进入细胞，核糖体就会翻译 mRNA 的指令并开始组装病毒蛋白。

The first, the mRNA itself, is a form of genetic material that encodes a piece of viral protein.

首先，mRNA 本身是一种编码病毒蛋白的遗传物质。

Sub-unit vaccines, that inject harmless fragments of viral proteins, can also be created quickly.

注射无害病毒蛋白片段的亚单位疫苗也可以快速制造。

With a catalogue of genes that encode nearly 3 million new viral proteins, they’ve made a strong head start!

凭借编码近 300 万种新病毒蛋白的基因目录，他们已经取得了良好的开端！

The body is producing antibodies to fight that viral protein, that will then stick around to defend against future COVID-19 infections.

身体正在产生抗体来对抗这种病毒蛋白，然后这种抗体会留下来抵御未来的 COVID-19 感染。

This all happens in the cytoplasm of the host cell, since that's where ribosomes are found, and results in the production of several viral proteins.

这些都在宿主细胞质中进行，因为胞质中含核糖体，可以生产病毒蛋白。

After that it's ready to be translated into viral proteins, wrapped in the cell's lipid envelope, and sent out of the cell as a newly made virus.

之后，它就可以转录成病毒蛋白，包裹在细胞的脂质包膜中并作为新产生的病毒从细胞中排出。

With RNA viruses, many of them stay in the cytoplasm where the viral RNA is used by the host's ribosomes to create viral RNA polymerase proteins.

对于RNA病毒，它们中的许多都待在细胞质中，病毒RNA在这里由宿主的核糖体合成病毒RNA聚合酶。

In the lytic phase, the virus starts to replicate, so its DNA gets transcribed and translated by cellular enzymes, in order to form viral proteins, which are packaged into new viruses.

在裂解期，病毒会开始复制，病毒DNA从而会被宿主细胞的酶转录并翻译形成病毒蛋白，被包装进新病毒中。

To treat a new illness, researchers would identify the right viral protein, encode it into mRNA, and then swap that mRNA into the existing vaccine platform.

为了治疗一种新的疾病， 研究人员会识别出正确的病毒蛋白，将其编码成 mRNA， 然后将该 mRNA 交换到现有的疫苗平台中。

In DNA viruses, the viral DNA enters the nucleus and uses the host's DNA polymerase to create more copies of itself as well as viral mRNA that gets translated into viral protein.

在DNA病毒中，病毒DNA进入细胞核利用宿主的DNA聚合酶完成自我复制，以及将病毒mRNA翻译成病毒蛋白质。

And if you attach viral proteins to it, like this, you'd have something that looks, to an immune system, like a virus— but would be completely harmless and very engineerable.

如果你将病毒蛋白附加到它上面，就像这样，你就会得到一种在免疫系统看来像病毒的东西——但它是完全无害的，而且非常可工程化。

So researchers think that, more than 190 million years ago, some retrovirus attacked one of our mammal ancestors, and inserted bits of its genetic material into its host's DNA that made that viral protein.

因此，研究人员认为， 在 1.9 亿多年前，一些逆转录病毒攻击了我们的哺乳动物祖先之一，并将其​​遗传物质的一部分插入宿主的 DNA 中， 从而产生该病毒蛋白。