观察学习（Observational learning），又称为“替代学习”（vicarious learning），是指由于观察他人行为，而发生的行为或态度学习。对观察学习的研究主要归功于美国心理学家阿尔波特·班杜拉。进一步的研究已经开始，显示观察学习与经典条件反射和操作条件反射之间的关系。

许多人把观察学习误认为是模仿。这2个术语的不同之处在于，观察学习是由于观察榜样而引起的行为改变。这并不意味复制榜样的行为。它也意味着观察者由于了解了某种行为的后果，可能做出榜样的反面行为。这种学习不要做什幺的情况，是没有模仿的观察学习。

Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes. In humans, this form of learning seems to not need reinforcement to occur, but instead, requires a social model such as a parent, sibling, friend, or teacher. Particularly in childhood, a model is someone of authority or higher status. In animals, observational learning is often based on classical conditioning, in which an instinctive behavior is elicited by observing the behavior of another (e.g. mobbing in birds), but other processes may be involved as well.