阻尼（英语：damping）是指任何振动系统在振动中，由于外界作用（如流体阻力、摩擦力等）和/或系统本身固有的原因引起的振动幅度逐渐下降的特性，以及此一特性的量化表征。

在实际振动中，由于摩擦力总是存在的，所以振动系统最初所获得的能量，在振动过程中因阻力不断对系统做负功，使得系统的能量不断减少，振动的强度逐渐减弱，振幅也就越来越小，以至于最后的停止振动，像这样的因系统的力学能，由于摩擦及转化成内能逐渐减少，振幅随时间而减弱振动，称为阻尼振动。

Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the effect of reducing, restricting or preventing its oscillations. In physical systems, damping is produced by processes that dissipate the energy stored in the oscillation. Examples include viscous drag in mechanical systems, resistance in electronic oscillators, and absorption and scattering of light in optical oscillators. Damping not based on energy loss can be important in other oscillating systems such as those that occur in biological systems.