食蚁兽，在生物分类学上属于哺乳纲贫齿总目披毛目下的蠕舌亚目，共有两科四种。除了吃蚁之外，它们也吃白蚁。 本亚目最大的品种包括大食蚁兽（Myrmecophaga tridactyla），连同尾巴体长可达1.8米；中型的如小食蚁兽（Tamandua tetradactyla），体长约90厘米；最小的则是侏食蚁兽（Cyclopes didactylus），总体长只有35厘米，体温只有摄氏33度。由于它们的体温保持33摄氏度左右，所以在平时能量消耗方面比一般动物要小，故平时只需进食数百只蚁足以满足未来几天的能量。

Anteater is a common name for the four extant mammal species of the suborder Vermilingua (meaning "worm tongue") commonly known for eating ants and termites. The individual species have other names in English and other languages. Together with the sloths, they are within the order Pilosa. The name "anteater" is also colloquially applied to the unrelated aardvark, numbat, echidnas, pangolins and some members of the Oecobiidae.