范艾伦辐射带是在地球附近的近层宇宙空间中包围着地球的大量带电粒子聚集而成的轮胎状辐射层，由美国物理学家詹姆斯·范·艾伦发现并以他的名字命名。范艾伦带粒子的主要来源是被地球磁场俘获之太阳风粒子，这些带电粒子在范艾伦带两转折点间来回运动。当太阳发生磁暴时，地球磁层受扰动变形，而局限在范艾伦带的高能带电粒子大量泄出，并随磁力线于地球的极区进入大气层，激发空气分子产生美丽的极光。范艾伦辐射带分为内外两层，内外层之间存在范艾伦带缝，缝中辐射很少。

A radiation belt is a layer of energetic charged particles that is held in place around a magnetized planet, such as the Earth, by the planet's magnetic field. The Earth has two such belts and sometimes others may be temporarily created. The discovery of the belts is credited to James Van Allen, and as a result the Earth's belts are known as the Van Allen belts. The main belts extend from an altitude of about 1,000 to 60,000 kilometers above the surface in which region radiation levels vary. Most of the particles that form the belts are thought to come from solar wind and other particles by cosmic rays. The belts are located in the inner region of the Earth's magnetosphere. The belts contain energetic electrons and protons. Other nuclei, such as alpha particles, are less prevalent. The belts endanger satellites, which must protect their sensitive components with adequate shielding if they spend significant time in the radiation belts. In 2013, NASA reported that the Van Allen Probes had discovered a transient, third radiation belt, which was observed for four weeks until destroyed by a powerful, interplanetary shock wave from the Sun.