| 释义 |
Unit record equipment
英语百科
Unit record equipment
- ↑ Origin of the term unit record: It was in 1888 that Mr. Davidson conceived the idea... The idea was that the card catalog, then in fairly general use by libraries, could be adapted with advantage to certain 'commercial indexes'. ... Directly connected with these is one of the most important principles of all - the 'unit record' principal in business. Hitherto, the records of a business house had been kept, each for one fixed purpose, and their usefulness had been restricted by the inflexible limitations of a bound book. The unit record principle, made possible by the card system, gave to these records a new accessibility and significance. ... The Story of the Library Bureau. Cowen Company, Boston. 1909. p. 50.
- ↑ By 1887 ...Doctor Herman Hollerith had worked out the basis for a mechanical system of recording, compiling and tabulating census facts... Each card was used to record the facts about an individual or a family - a unit situation. These cards were the forerunners of today's punched cards or unit records. General Information Manual: An Introduction to IBM Punched Card Data Processing. IBM. p. 1.
- ↑ Data processing equipment can be divided into two basic types - computers and unit record machines. Unit Record derives form the common use of punchcards to carry information on a one-item-per-card basis, which makes them unit records. Janda, Kenneth (1965). Data Processing. Northwestern University Press. p. 47.
- ↑ Like the index card, the punched card is a unit record containing one kind of data, which can be combined with other kinds of data punched in other cards. McGill, Donald A.C. (1962). Punched Cards, Data Processing for Profit Improvement. McGraw-Hill. p. 29.
- ↑ International Business Machines Corp. (1957). Machine Functions (PDF). 224-8208-3.
- ↑ International Business Machines Corp. (1959). Flow Charting and Block Diagramming Techniques (PDF). /C20-8008-0.
- ↑ Phelps, Byron E. (1980). "Early Electronic Computing Developments at IBM". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 2 (3): 253–67. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1980.10035. ISSN 1058-6180.
- ↑ The "sorting box" was controlled by the tabulator. The "sorter", an independent machine, was a later development. Austrian, Geoffrey D. (1982). Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing. Columbia University Press. pp. 41, 178–79. ISBN 0-231-05146-8.
- ↑ Columbia University Computing History - Herman Hollerith
- ↑ U.S. Census Bureau: The Hollerith Machine
- ↑ An early use of "Hollerith Card" can be found in the 1914 Actuarial Soc of America Trans. v.XV.51,52- Perforated Card System
- 1 2 U.S. Census Bureau: Tabulation and Processing
- ↑ Truesdell, Leon E. (1965). The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890-1940. US GPO.
- 1 2 A History of Sperry Rand Corporation (4th ed.). Sperry Rand. 1967. p. 32.
- ↑ "IBM Archives: Hollerith Automatic Horizontal Sorter".
- ↑ Computing at Columbia: Timeline - Early
- ↑ Durand, Hon. E. Dana (September 23–28, 1912). Tabulation by Mechanical Means - Their Advantages and Limitations, volume VI. Transactions of the Fifteenth International Congress on Hygiene and Demography.
- ↑ Cortada, James W. (1993). Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, & Remington Rand & The Industry they Created 1865—1956. Princeton. pp. 56–59.
- 1 2 IBM Archives: Endicott chronology, 1951-1959
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Information Technology Industry TimeLine
- ↑ Cortada p.57
- ↑ Pugh p.259
- ↑ Van Ness, Robert G. (1962). Principles of Punched Card Data Processing. The Business Press. p. 15.
- ↑ Punched Hole Accounting. IBM. 1924. p. 18.
- ↑ Engelbourg p.173
- ↑ "IBM Archives: 1920". IBM.
- ↑ Rojas, Raul (editor) (2001). Encyclopedia of Computers and Computer History. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 656.
- ↑ IBM Type 80 Electric Punched Card Sorting Machine
- ↑ IBM 301 Accounting Machine (the Type IV)
- ↑ Columbia University Professor Ben Wood
- ↑ Pugh, Emerson W. (1995). Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology. MIT. p. 67. ISBN 0-262-16147-8.
- 1 2 Pugh (1995) p.50
- ↑ Heide, Lars (2002) National Capital in the Emergence of a Challenger to IBM in France
- ↑ H.W.Egli - BULL Tabulator model T30
- ↑ Bashe, Charles J.; Johnson, Lyle R; Palmer, John H.; Pugh, Emerson W. (1986). IBM's Early Computers. MIT. p. 14. ISBN 0-262-02225-7.
- ↑ Eames, Charles; Eames, Ray (1973). A Computer Perspective. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 95. The date given, 1920, should be 1931 (see the Columbia Difference Tabulator web site)
- ↑ Columbia Difference Tabulator
- ↑ Columbia Alumni News, Vol.XXIII, No.11, December 11, 1931, p.1
- ↑ IBM 077 Collator
- ↑ IBM Archive: Endicott card manufacturing
- ↑ Phelps, B.E. (July 1980). "Early Computers at IBM". Annals of the History of Computing (IEEE Computer Society) 2 (3): 254. doi:10.1109/mahc.1980.10035.
- ↑ Equipements à cartes perforées (Punched cards machines) type A (GR) 1941-1950
- ↑ Bashe (1986) p.21
- ↑ The IBM 602 Calculating Punch
- ↑ IBM 603 Electronic Multiplier
- ↑ Bashe (1986) p.62
- ↑ IBM Archives: Endicott chronology 1941-1949
- ↑ Bull Gamma 3 1952-1960
- 1 2 Bull Gamma 3
- ↑ Bashe, Charles J.; Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1986). IBM's Early Computers. MIT Press. pp. 461–474. ISBN 0-262-02225-7.
- ↑ Computer History Museum: Underwood Corporation
- ↑ An Underwood-Samas sorter
- ↑ Bashe, Charles J.; et al. (1986). IBM's Early Computers. MIT. p. 386.
- ↑ Pugh, Emerson W.; Johnson, Lyle R.; Palmer, John H. (1991). IBM's 360 and early 370 systems. MIT Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-262-16123-0.
- ↑ IBM Archives - DPD chronology
- ↑ IBM 1940 products brochure
- ↑ Bashe (1986) pp.465–494 Chapter 12 Broadening the Base, a history of IBM's 1401 and 1403 development.
- ↑ Columbia University: The IBM 609 Calculator
- 1 2 IBM System 3
- ↑ Dyson, George (1999) The Undead (Cardamation), Wired v.7.03
- ↑ IBM 407 Accounting Machine
- ↑ IBM Rochester chronology, page3
- ↑ IBM Rochester chronology
- ↑ IBM 029 Card Punch
- ↑ Visit to a working IBM 402 in Conroe, Texas
- ↑ Conroe company still using computers museums want to put on display By Craig Hlavaty, Houston Chronicle, April 24, 2013
- ↑ http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/philly/obituary.aspx?n=robert-g-swartz&pid=155113064
- ↑ https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/bit.listserv.ibm-main/ck2jMiqBY_w
- ↑ "California Tab Card Company".
- ↑ IBM (1956). The Design of IBM Cards (PDF). p. 22. 22-5526-4.
- ↑ IBM (1949). The How and Why of IBM Mark Sensing (PDF). 52-5862-0.
- ↑ IBM Card Interpreters
- ↑ IBM (1958). IBM 063 Card-Controlled Tape Punch (PDF). 224-5997-3.
- ↑ IBM (1963). IBM Accounting Machine: 402, 403 and 419 Principles of Operation (PDF). 224-1614-13.
- ↑ IBM (1956). IBM Reference Manual: Functional Wiring Principles (PDF). 22-6275-0.
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