十二音技法（德语：Zwölftontechnik）是20世纪古典音乐的一种创作手法。最先由奥地利作曲家约瑟夫·马蒂亚斯·豪尔和阿诺·荀白克分别提出。两者部份的概念类近，但并不互相从属，其中勋伯格的理论得到较多人认同，并在他所属的新维也纳乐派间广泛流传。时至今日，十二音技法大都以勋伯格的理论为基础。

十二音技法可以说是由浪漫乐派后期至新古典主义音乐期间的无调音乐所发展而来，其理念在于一个完整的半音音阶内的12个半音，每个音的重要性都是相等，而非传统乐理所提倡，音阶内以个别音主导其他音的概念。所以相关的音乐作品亦不应带任何调性，也不采用任何调号。

Twelve-tone technique—also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and (in British usage) twelve-note composition—is a method of musical composition devised by Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) and associated with the "Second Viennese School" composers, who were the primary users of the technique in the first decades of its existence. The technique is a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note through the use of tone rows, orderings of the 12 pitch classes. All 12 notes are thus given more or less equal importance, and the music avoids being in a key. Over time, the technique increased greatly in popularity and eventually became widely influential on 20th century composers. Many important composers who had originally not subscribed to or even actively opposed the technique eventually adopted it in their music, such as Aaron Copland and Igor Stravinsky.