特纳氏综合症，即特纳综合症，也称为性腺发育不良或先天卵巢发育不良，由 Henry Turner 发现于1938年。是一种先天性的染色体异常疾病，是由性染色体全部或部分缺失引起的（正常人有46个染色体，其中2个是性染色体）。一般女性有2个X染色体，但特纳氏综合症患者的性染色体缺失或有其他异常。在某些情况下，有些细胞中有缺失的染色体，而有一些没有，这称为镶嵌现象（mosaicism）。

在女孩中该疾病的患病率是1/2500。临床病征包括身材矮小（身高约140公分，但可达常人水平）、手脚淋巴水肿、宽胸阔乳、低发际、蹼颈。 患病女孩通常出现性腺功能不全（卵巢无功能），从而导致闭经 （没有月经）和不孕。虽然有一些成功受孕的病例，但也有许多流产、出生缺陷。利用科技也可以协助解决这些问题（如：人工受孕）。患者也经常出现随之而的其他健康问题，包括先天性心脏病、甲状腺功能低下症、糖尿病、视力问题、听力问题和许多其他自身免疫性疾病。此外，还观察到有患者存在视觉空间、数学和记忆方面困难等认知缺陷。只有一颗肾脏，排尿系统异常。

Turner syndrome (TS) also known as Ullrich–Turner syndrome, gonadal dysgenesis, and 45,X, is a condition in which a female is partly or completely missing an X chromosome. Signs and symptoms vary among those affected. Often, a short and webbed neck, low-set ears, low hairline at the back of the neck, short stature, and swollen hands and feet are seen at birth. Typically they are without menstrual periods, do not develop breasts, and are unable to have children. Heart defects, diabetes, and low thyroid hormone occur more frequently. Most people with TS have normal intelligence. Many, however, have troubles with spatial visualization such as that needed for mathematics. Vision and hearing problems occur more often.