肿瘤抑制基因（英语：tumor suppressor gene）也称为“抑瘤基因”“抗癌基因”或“隐性癌基因”。是一类抑制细胞过度生长、增殖从而遏制肿瘤形成的基因。抑癌基因是从1980年代发现的一组基因，它们的发现是癌症和细胞生命研究过程中的重要里程碑。正常细胞的癌变是个复杂的、受到多种因素控制的多阶段演变过程。肿瘤抑制基因能够在多个环节上保护正常细胞，使其免于最终癌变。受到内外界因素的影响，可产生损伤，使得此基因发生突变或丢失时，细胞分裂等过程的正常抑制就被解除，若细胞DNA修复和备用机制未能发挥作用，就可能导致正常的细胞转变成为癌细胞。此外，遗传变异和非遗传性的改变（如DNA甲基化），导致基因的正常表达和功能丢失，并产生生理信号转导系统异常。

A tumor suppressor gene, or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene mutates to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer, usually in combination with other genetic changes. The loss of these genes may be even more important than proto-oncogene/oncogene activation for the formation of many kinds of human cancer cells. Tumor suppressor genes can be grouped into categories including caretaker genes, gatekeeper genes, and landscaper genes; the classification schemes are evolving as medicine advances, learning from fields including molecular biology, genetics, and epigenetics.