彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基（俄语：Пётр Ильич Чайковский，1840年5月7日－1893年11月6日），俄罗斯浪漫乐派作曲家，其作品有民族乐派特征，但仍以浪漫风格为基准。其风格直接和间接地影响了很多后来者。

柴可夫斯基出生于沃特金斯克一个贵族家庭，从小在母亲的教导下学习钢琴，由于父亲的反对，进入法学院学习，毕业以后在法院工作。二十二岁时柴可夫斯基辞职，进入圣彼得堡音乐学院，跟随安东·鲁宾斯坦学习音乐创作，成绩优异。毕业后，在尼可莱·鲁宾斯坦（安东·鲁宾斯坦的弟弟）的邀请下，担任莫斯科音乐学院教授。

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (/ˈpjɔːtər iːˈljiːtʃ tʃaɪˈkɒfski/; Russian:Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский; tr. Pyotr Ilyich Chaykovsky; 25 April/7 May 1840 – 25 October/6 November 1893), often anglicized as Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, was a Russian composer of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among the most popular music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally, bolstered by his appearances as a guest conductor in Europe and the United States. Tchaikovsky was honored in 1884, by Emperor Alexander III, and awarded a lifetime pension.