Losing self-tolerance means that these T cells are allowed to recruit other immune cells and coordinate an attack on these beta cells.

这意味着T细胞可以召集其它免疫细胞，来攻击这些β细胞。

In type 1 diabetes, there is a genetic abnormality causes a loss of self-tolerance among T cells that specifically target the beta cell antigens.

1型糖尿病患者有一类基因异常，造成攻击β细胞抗原的T细胞失去了自身耐受的能力。

Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the center of the islets, and glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in the periphery of the islets.

胰岛素由胰岛中间的β细胞分泌，而胰高血糖素由胰岛外周的α细胞分泌。

The pancreas seems to be the last place that the fat accumulates, and when the pancreas is stuffed with fat, the beta cells stop functioning properly.

脂肪最后只能堆积在胰腺中，当这个地方也堆满后，β 细胞开始工作异常。

In diabetes mellitus type 1, destruction of beta cells usually starts early in life, but sometimes up to 90% of the beta cells are destroyed before symptoms crop up.

在1型糖尿病患者中，β细胞的损坏一般很早就会开始，但有时在90%的β细胞受损后，才会出现症状。

Losing beta cells means less insulin, and less insulin means that glucose piles up in the blood, because it can't enter the body's cells.

失去β细胞意味着胰岛素减少，进而导致葡萄糖在血液里积累，因为它们无法进入细胞了。

Now, along with insulin, beta cells also secrete islet amyloid polypeptide, or amylin, so while beta cells are cranking out insulin they also secrete an increased amount of amylin.

同时，除胰岛素外，β细胞也会分泌胰岛淀粉样多肽（胰淀素），所以当β细胞分泌更多胰岛素时，它们也分泌了更多的胰淀素。

They do this through beta cell hyperplasia, an increased number of beta cells, and beta cell hypertrophy, where they actually grow in size, all in this attempt to pump out more insulin.

它们通过β细胞增生，即增加β细胞的数量，以及β细胞肥大，即其体积增大，试图泵出更多的胰岛素。

A long-term consequence of chronic pancreatitis is the development of diabetes mellitus, which happens as the recurrent inflammation begins to damage the alpha and beta cells of the pancreas.

慢性胰腺炎的一个长期后果是糖尿病，这通常是由于反复发作的炎症开始损害胰腺的α和β细胞。

Whereas your beta cells were initially pumping out a ton of insulin to make everything I just mentioned happen, now that the beta cells have become dysfunctional, they stop properly producing insulin.

β 细胞正常工作时，胰腺才能分泌胰岛素。既然 β 细胞工作异常，胰腺就无法分泌胰岛素。

But unlike type 1 diabetes, there is generally some circulating insulin in type 2 diabetes from the beta cells that are trying to compensate for the insulin resistance.

但和1型糖尿病不同，通常在2型糖尿病患者体内，仍存在一些由β细胞产生的胰岛素循环来缓解胰岛素抵抗。

Eventually, this leads to pancreatic insufficiency, which makes it difficult to digest food as well as the destruction of alpha and beta cells, which makes it difficult to produce hormones like insulin.

最终这会导致胰腺功能不全，引起消化不良以及α和β细胞的破坏，从而难以产生胰岛素等激素。感谢 PE、RNA、审核大大！

This beta cell compensation, though, isn't sustainable, and over time those maxed out beta cells get exhausted, and they become dysfunctional, and undergo hypotrophy and get smaller, as well as hypoplasia and die off.

然而β细胞增益不能长久维持，久而久之，那些肥大的β细胞会疲劳，出现功能障碍，而且细胞开始萎缩变小，同时细胞减少，相继死亡。

As beta cells are lost and insulin levels decrease, glucose levels in the blood start to increase, and patients develop hyperglycemia, which leads to similar clinical signs that I mentioned before, like polyphagia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia.

丧失β细胞后，胰岛素水平开始下降，血糖水平开始上升，而患者出现高血糖，最终导致之前提及的临床表现，即多食、糖尿、多尿与多饮。

These are some of the complications of uncontrolled diabetes, which is why it's so important to diagnose and control diabetes through a healthy lifestyle, medications to reduce insulin resistance and even insulin therapy if beta cells have been exhausted.

这些是糖尿病在未加控制情况下的并发症，也是为何此病需要诊断、控制的原因；患者可通过健康的生活方式、使用药物控制胰岛素抵抗，甚至胰岛素治疗来缓解β细胞疲劳。