He and his team therefore transferred the gene that encodes oxalate oxidase from wheat to chestnut.

于是，鲍威尔和他的团队将小麦中能够编码草酸氧化酶的基因转移到了栗树的基因中。

With this, they concluded there must be an important ecological purpose for these horizontally transferred genes.

鉴于此，他们得出结论，这些水平转移的基因一定有一个重要的生态目的。

The fact that bacteria can transfer genes horizontally, to other unrelated bugs, as well as vertically to their offspring, is well known.

众所周知，细菌可以将基因水平传递给其他不相关的细菌，也可以垂直传递给它们的后代。

So essentially, these plasmids are the vehicles that transfer genes for antibiotic resistance between different bacterial species.

因此本质上，这些质粒是在不同细菌物种之间转移抗生素抗性基因的载体。

And you want to transfer that gene into a crop plant because you want to protect the crop against pest damage.

你想将该基因转移到农作物中， 因为你想保护农作物免受害虫侵害。

Which Gore says could in theory give the bugs an opportunity to swap resistance genes, through what’s called horizontal gene transfer—one bacterium donates genetic material to another.

而格尔表示，理论上讲这种行为使得细菌互相交换抗性基因，这就是我们所说的水平基因转移，期间一种细菌将自己的遗传物质奉献给另一个。

This might be used to investigate a short region of a large cloned fragment in more detail, or to transfer a gene to a vector designed to express it in a particular species, for example.

以大肠杆菌中的质粒载体为例（最常见），这个过程可分为以下步骤。