Amphetamine

Signaling cascade in the nucleus accumbens that results in amphetamine addiction

Note: colored text contains article links.

Nuclear pore
Nuclear membrane
Plasma membrane

Cav1.2
NMDAR
AMPAR
DRD1
DRD5
DRD2
DRD3
DRD4

Gs
Gi/o
cAMP
cAMP
PKA

CaM
CaMKII
DARPP-32
PP1
PP2B

CREB
ΔFosB
JunD
c-Fos
SIRT1
HDAC1

[Color legend 1]

This diagram depicts the signaling events in the brain's reward center that are induced by chronic high-dose exposure to psychostimulants that increase the concentration of synaptic dopamine, like amphetamine, methamphetamine, and phenethylamine. Following presynaptic dopamine and glutamate co-release by such psychostimulants,[111][112] postsynaptic receptors for these neurotransmitters trigger internal signaling events through a cAMP pathway and calcium-dependent pathway that ultimately result in increased CREB phosphorylation.[113][114] Phosphorylated CREB increases levels of ΔFosB, which in turn represses the c-Fos gene with the help of corepressors;[114] c-Fos repression acts as a molecular switch that enables the accumulation of ΔFosB in the neuron.[115] A highly stable (phosphorylated) form of ΔFosB, one that persists in neurons for one or two months, slowly accumulates following repeated high-dose exposure to stimulants through this process.[103][116] ΔFosB functions as

Pharmacodynamics of amphetamine in a dopamine neuron

via AADC

Amphetamine enters the presynaptic neuron across the neuronal membrane or through DAT.[36] Once inside, it binds to TAAR1 or enters synaptic vesicles through VMAT2.[36][144] When amphetamine enters the synaptic vesicles through VMAT2, dopamine is released into the cytosol (yellow-orange area).[144] When amphetamine binds to TAAR1, it reduces postsynaptic neuron firing rate via potassium channels and triggers protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, resulting in DAT phosphorylation.[36][145][146] PKA-phosphorylation causes DAT to withdraw into the presynaptic neuron (internalize) and cease transport.[36] PKC-phosphorylated DAT may either operate in reverse or, like PKA-phosphorylated DAT, internalize and cease transport.[36] Amphetamine is also known to increase intracellular calcium, an effect which is associated with DAT phosphorylation through a CAMKIIα-dependent pathway, in turn producing dopamine efflux.[147][148][149]

Amphetamine (contracted from alpha‑methylphenethylamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in their pure amine forms. However, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as a performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use.

单词	benzedrine
释义	benzedrine /'benzədri(:)n//ˈbɛnzɪˌdrin/ 英汉-汉英词典 n. 苯丙胺,一种苏醒剂,〈美〉苯丙胺的商标词组 \| 习惯用语 benzedrine n. [有化][药] 苯丙胺（一种苏醒剂）网络短语: benzedrine inhaler 苯丙胺吸入器 benzedrine amphetamine 苯丙胺英语例句库 Weare all close to desperate until I saw your article introducePenicillin G procaine/Benzedrine which have an great effort on theabscess. 大家都快要崩溃知道我看到了你的文章，那篇介绍盘尼西林治疗兔兔脓包的文章。声明：以上例句、词性分类均由互联网资源自动生成，未经过人工审核，其表达内容亦不代表本软件的观点；若发现问题，欢迎向我们指正。原声例句 007系列之皇家赌场 At frequent intervals inhales from benzedrine inhaler. 经常从苯丙胺吸入器吸入。漫长的告别（下） Goofballs are one of the barbiturates laced with benzedrine. Goofballs 是一种含有苯甲酸的巴比妥类药物。 007系列之皇家赌场 As an afterthought he took out his benzedrine inhaler and sucked the vapour up his nose. 他事后才想到，拿出他的苯丙胺吸入器，把蒸汽吸进鼻子里。 007系列之皇家赌场 He inserted the nozzle of the cylinder, with an obscene deliberation, twice into each black nostril in turn, and luxuriously inhaled the benzedrine vapour. 他把圆筒的喷嘴，下流地故意，依次插入每个黑色的鼻孔两次，然后尽情地吸入苯甲酸蒸气。英语百科 Amphetamine Amphetamine (contracted from alpha‑methylphenethylamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered in 1887 and exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers, levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine, in their pure amine forms. However, the term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as a performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the significant health risks associated with recreational use. 近义、反义、联想词近义词 n. amphetamine, pep pill, upper, speed 联想词 LSD大屏显示;cocaine可卡因;morphine吗啡;booze酒;drugs毒品，药物;heroin海洛因，吗啡;narcotic麻醉的;pills丸剂;opium鸦片;coke焦炭;ecstasy狂喜;
随便看	drawn a bead on的意思 drawn a blank的意思 drawn a cover的意思 drawn a covert的意思 drawn against uncollected items的意思 draw nail的意思 drawn a line的意思 drawn a long breath的意思 drawn and drawn的意思 Drawn and Quartered的意思 drawn and rolled tube的意思 drawn and rolled tubes的意思 drawn a parallel between的意思 drawn around的意思 drawn aside的意思 drawn at short sight的意思 drawn at sight的意思 drawn a veil的意思 drawn a veil over的意思 drawn away的意思 drawn back的意思 drawnback provisions的意思 drawn battle的意思 drawn bill的意思 drawn bit的意思

benzedrine /'benzədri(:)n//ˈbɛnzɪˌdrin/

网络短语:

Amphetamine

近义词

联想词