硫喷妥钠（sodium thiopental或Sodium Pentothal）又称戊硫代巴比妥，是巴比妥酸盐类药物。是一种快速起效的短效全身麻醉剂。硫喷妥钠在世界卫生组织的“世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单”中为一个核心药物 ，列为基本卫生保健系统的最低医疗需求清单中。 其中Sodium Pentothal是美国雅培的商标。它的医学用途是用于麻醉、精神科恐慌症治疗等，在刑事用途可用作吐实药。由于服用太多会死亡，所以可用来运行死刑或安乐死的静脉注射。硫喷妥钠曾经列入美国前三大最致命的注射服用药物，但自美国制造商赫士睿公司（Hospira）停止制造药物和欧盟禁止该药的出口，硫喷妥钠的滥用已经被受到控管。

Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories, not to be confused with pentobarbital), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic that is an analogue of thiobarbital. Sodium thiopental was a core medicine in the World Health Organization's "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic healthcare system, but was supplanted by propofol. It was previously the first of three drugs administered during most lethal injections in the United States, but the U.S. manufacturer Hospira stopped manufacturing the drug and the EU banned the export of the drug for this purpose.