赛局理论（英语：Game theory），又译为对策论，或者赛局理论，应用数学的一个分支，1944年冯·诺伊曼与奥斯卡·摩根斯特恩合著《博弈论与经济行为》，标志着现代系统博弈理论的的初步形成，因此他被称为「博弈论之父」。博弈论被认为是20世纪经济学最伟大的成果之一。目前在生物学、经济学、国际关系、计算机科学、政治学、军事战略和其他很多学科都有广泛的应用。主要研究公式化了的激励结构（游戏或者博弈）间的相互作用。是研究具有斗争或竞争性质现象的数学理论和方法。也是运筹学的一个重要学科。

Game theory is "the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers." Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science, biology and poker. Originally, it addressed zero-sum games, in which one person's gains result in losses for the other participants. Today, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and is now an umbrella term for the science of logical decision making in humans, animals, and computers.