But there were dissenters all along– jurists, scholars, and physicians countered books like Kraemer's " Hammer of Witches" with texts objecting to the cruelty of the hunts, the use of forced confessions, and the lack of evidence of witchcraft.

但一直有持异议者——法学家、学者和医生们反驳像克雷默《女巫的锤子》那样的书，包括反对猎巫的残酷性、刑讯逼供，以及缺乏巫术存在的证据。