塔库姆译本（或译“塔古姆”，英语：Targum）是圣经《希伯来语经卷》的亚兰语意译本。亚兰语塔古姆一词的原意是“解释”或“意译”。 自尼希米的日子以降，亚兰语成为许多散居波斯各地的犹太人的通用语言，在基督出生前一世纪，除了在学校里和崇拜的场合中，希伯来语已经很少人使用 故此在诵读希伯来语经卷时必须同时把经文翻译成亚兰语。这种口语意译经文很可能到公元第五世纪才成为目前的形式。它们虽是希伯来文圣经的意译而非精确的译本，却对经文提供丰富的背景数据，因此可以帮助人决定若干艰深经文的真意。《新世界译本》在脚注中颇常援引塔古姆译本。

The targumim (singular: "targum", Hebrew:תרגום‎) were spoken paraphrases, explanations and expansions of the Jewish scriptures that a Rabbi would give in the common language of the listeners, which was then often Aramaic. That had become necessary near the end of the 1st century BCE, as the common language was in transition and Hebrew was used for little more than schooling and worship. Eventually, it became necessary to give explanations and paraphrases in the common language after the Hebrew scripture was read. The noun Targum is derived from early semitic quadriliteral root 'trgm', and the Akkadian term 'targummanu' refers to "translator, interpreter". It occurs in the Hebrew Bible in Ezra 4:18 "The document which you sent us has been read in translation (Aramaic 'mepares') before me". Besides denoting the translations of the Bible, the term Targum also denote the oral rendering of Bible lections in synagogue, while the translator of the Bible was simply called as hammeturgem (he who translates). Other than the meaning "translate" the verb Tirgem also means "to explain". The word Targum refers to "translation" and argumentation or "explanation".