And that starts with the little chevron bones that are underneath the tail vertebra.

这要从尾椎骨下方的小 V 形骨开始。

The evolution of their powerful tail vertebrae made them skilled and speedy swimmers, helping them move further away from the shore.

强有力尾椎的进化，使它们成为熟练而迅速的游泳者，帮助它们远离海岸。

But then, tail vertebrae were found.

但后来，发现了尾椎。

Neck vertebrae are called cervical, back vertebrae are dorsal, hip vertebrae are called sacral, and tail vertebrae are caudal.

颈椎称为颈椎，背椎称为背椎，髋椎称为骶椎，尾椎称为尾椎。

But, given its position in the ankylosaurid tree and the appearance of its tail vertebrae, it looks to be more early evidence that the handle evolved first.

但是， 鉴于它在甲龙科树中的位置及其尾椎的外观，它似乎是手柄首先进化的更早期证据。

And these were supported by other muscles that were anchored to the dinosaur's wide hips and thigh bones, and attached to the tops and bottoms of the tail vertebrae.

这些由其他肌肉支撑， 这些肌肉固定在恐龙宽阔的臀部和大腿骨上，并附着在尾椎的顶部和底部。

So by taking into account this musculature, the range of motion allowed by the tail vertebrae, and the size and weight of the club itself, Arbour was able to calculate the impact force that the club could produce.

因此，通过考虑这种肌肉组织、尾椎允许的运动范围以及球杆本身的尺寸和重量，阿伯能够计算出球杆可以产生的冲击力。