共时语言学（英语：synchronic linguistics），又称静态语言学，是由索绪尔创立的一套语言学方法，其特点是对某个语言现象只在一个给定的时间段内进行研究（通常是现在，但也可以是历史上的一个时间）。此方法与研究语言现象的历史演变和发展的“历时语言学”相对。

该分支于20世纪初开始发展，其研究遍及各主要语言，主要学派有描写语言学派、转换生成学派、层次语言学派等等，并且为美国语言学中的“结构主义流派”和“行为主义”的产生完成了理论的铺垫。

共时语言学与历时语言学的分开，标志着语言学从从印欧语系的比较声韵学走进结构语言学。

Synchrony and diachrony are two different and complementary viewpoints in linguistic analysis:

The concepts were theorized by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, professor of general linguistics in Geneva from 1896 to 1911, and appeared in writing in his posthumous Course in General Linguistics published in 1916. In contrast with most of his predecessors, who focused on historical evolution of languages, Saussure emphasized the primacy of synchronic analysis to understand their inner functioning.