碳纳米管（英语：Carbon Nanotube，缩写CNT）是在1991年1月由日本筑波NEC实验室的物理学家饭岛澄男使用高分辨透射电子显微镜从电弧法生产的碳纤维中发现的。它是一种管状的碳分子，管上每个碳原子采取sp杂化，相互之间以碳-碳σ键结合起来，形成由六边形组成的蜂窝状结构作为碳纳米管的骨架。每个碳原子上未参与杂化的一对p电子相互之间形成跨越整个碳纳米管的共轭π电子云。按照管子的层数不同，分为单壁碳纳米管和多壁碳纳米管。管子的半径方向非常细，只有纳米尺度，几万根碳纳米管并起来也只有一根头发丝宽，碳纳米管的名称也因此而来。而在轴向则可长达数十到数百微米。

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology. In particular, owing to their extraordinary thermal conductivity and mechanical and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as additives to various structural materials. For instance, nanotubes form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily carbon fiber) baseball bats, golf clubs, car parts or damascus steel.