超个体（英语：superorganism，又称超有机体）是一个由许多有机体组成的有机体系。这通常意味着是一个真社会性动物的社会单位，在那里社会分工被高度专业化，且个体无法独自长时间地生存。蚂蚁是在这样的超个体中最有名的例子，而裸鼹鼠则是真社会性哺乳动物的著名例子。超个体的技术定义是“一组媒介，它们能够采取协调一致的行动，以产生由集体支配的现象，”这些现象包括“蜂群想要的”任何活动，例如蚂蚁采集食物或者蜜蜂选择一个新的巢穴地址。

詹姆斯·洛夫洛克的盖亚假说以及詹姆斯·哈顿、弗拉基米尔·维尔纳茨基和Guy Murchie的工作表明，可以将生物圈当作为一个超个体。然而，严格的生态研究显示，在生物社区内很少或根本没有自我控制，并且这些社区通常很容易失去平衡或者完全改变成不同的事物。而系统科学和复杂系统的动态性则反驳和平衡了这个观点。

A superorganism is an organism consisting of many organisms. The term is used most often to describe a social unit of eusocial animals, where division of labour is highly specialised and where individuals are not able to survive by themselves for extended periods. Ants are the best-known example of such a superorganism, while the naked mole-rat is a famous example of the eusocial mammal. The technical definition of a superorganism is "a collection of agents which can act in concert to produce phenomena governed by the collective," phenomena being any activity "the hive wants" such as ants collecting food or bees choosing a new nest site. Superorganisms tend to exhibit the behaviours of homeostasis, power law scaling, persistent disequilibrium and emergent behaviours.