There's this conventional wisdom that coffee increases the risk for heart rhythm disturbances or electrical problems with the heart, which is my clinical subspecialty.

传统观点认为，咖啡会增加心律紊乱或心脏电问题的风险，而这是我的临床亚专业。

Some subspecialties of surgery, such as neurosurgery, require even longer hours. Many surgical programs still exceed this work hour limit.

一些外科的亚科，例如神经外科，可能会工作更长时间。许多外科还会超出这个工作时长上限。

Surgery refers to the practice of operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in General Surgery.

外科学是指手术的医疗实践，这一领域的多数亚科都要求普外科的基础训练。

Like internal medicine, there are many pediatric subspecialties for specific age ranges, organ systems, disease classes, and sites of care delivery.

与内科一样，针对特定年龄范围，器官系统，疾病类别和护理分娩地点，有许多儿科附属专业。

However, within medical circles, there are two broad categories: Medicine and Surgery. Medicine refers to the practice of non-operative medicine, and most subspecialties in this area require preliminary training in Internal Medicine.

然而，在医学界内，有两大领域：内科和外科。内科是指非手术的医学实践，并且这一领域的大多数亚科都要求内科学基础培训。

Medical training, as opposed to surgical training, requires three years of residency training after medical school. This can then be followed by a one to two year fellowship in the subspecialties listed above.

与外科训练相反，内科训练需要毕业后三年的住院医师阶段训练。接下来可能还会有一到两年的如上所述的亚科的研究员阶段。