临界质量（Critical mass）是指维持核子连锁反应所需的裂变材料质量。不同的可裂变材料，受核子的性质（如裂变横切面）、物理性质、物料型状、纯度、是否被中子反射物料包围、是否有中子吸收物料等等因素影响，而会有不同的临界质量。

刚好可以产生连锁反应的组合，称为已达临界点。比这样更多质量的组合，核反应的速率会以指数增长，称为超临界。如果组合能够在没有延迟放出中子之下进行连锁反应，这种临界被称为即发临界，是超临界的一种。即发临界组合会产生核爆炸。如果组合比临界点小，裂变会随时间减少，称之为次临界。

A critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, the nuclear fission cross-section), its density, its shape, its enrichment, its purity, its temperature, and its surroundings. The concept is important in nuclear weapon design.