结构域(英语：Protein domain)是蛋白质中的一类结构单元，是构成蛋白质三级结构的基本单元。

有些球形蛋白的一条肽链，或以共价键相连的两条或多条肽链在空间结构上可以区分为若干个球状的子结构，其中的每一个球状子结构就被称为一个结构域。

同一个蛋白的各个结构域之间是以肽链相互链接的，而链接两个结构域的绝大多数都是单股肽链，只有在极个别的情况下会有少数的双股肽链联系不同的结构域。在X-射线衍射实验绘制的电子密度图中，可以清楚地看到有些球状蛋白地的部存在一些裂隙，这些裂隙就是各个结构域之间的链接部分，结构域之间的链接虽然是松散的，但他们仍然属于同一条肽链，靠肽链链接这一点和蛋白质的各个亚基之间依靠非键相互作用维系结构有着本质的区别。

A protein domain is a conserved part of a given protein sequence and (tertiary) structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded. Many proteins consist of several structural domains. One domain may appear in a variety of different proteins. Molecular evolution uses domains as building blocks and these may be recombined in different arrangements to create proteins with different functions. Domains vary in length from between about 25 amino acids up to 500 amino acids in length. The shortest domains such as zinc fingers are stabilized by metal ions or disulfide bridges. Domains often form functional units, such as the calcium-binding EF hand domain of ****. Because they are independently stable, domains can be "swapped" by genetic engineering between one protein and another to make chimeric proteins.