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单词 Strong Law of Large Numbers
释义

Strong Law of Large Numbers

中文百科

大数定律 Law of large numbers

(重定向自Strong Law of Large Numbers)
以特定掷单个骰子的过程来展示大数定律。随着投掷次数的增加,所有结果的均值趋于3.5(骰子点数的期望值)。不同时候做的这个实验会在投掷数量较小的时候(左部)会表现出不同的形状,当数量变得很大(右部)的时候,它们将会非常相似。
La difusión es un ejemplo de la ley de los grandes números, aplicada a la química. Inicialmente, hay moléculas de soluto en el lado izquierdo de una barrera (línea púrpura) y ninguno a la derecha. Se elimina la barrera y el soluto se difunde para llenar toda el contenedor.
Arriba: con una sola molécula, el movimiento parece ser bastante aleatorio.
Medio: con más moléculas, existe una clara tendencia en la que el soluto llena el recipiente más y más uniformemente, pero también hay fluctuationes.
Abajo: con un enorme número de moléculas de soluto (demasiadas para verse), la aleatoriedad esencialmente desaparece: el soluto parece moverse suave y sistemáticamente desde las zonas de alta concentración a las zonas de baja concentración. En situaciones reales, los químicos pueden describir la difusión como un fenómeno macroscópico determinista (ver leyes de Fick), a pesar de su carácter aleatorio subyacente.
Simulation illustrating the law of large numbers. Each frame, you flip a coin that is red on one side and blue on the other, and put a dot in the corresponding column. A pie chart shows the proportion of red and blue so far. Notice that the proportion may vary a lot at first, but gradually approaches 50%.

在数学与统计学中,大数定律又称大数法则、大数律,是描述相当多次数重复实验的结果的定律。根据这个定律知道,样本数量越多,则其平均就越趋近期望值。

大数定律很重要,因为它“保证”了一些随机事件的均值的长期稳定性。人们发现,在重复试验中,随着试验次数的增加,事件发生的频率趋于一个稳定值;人们同时也发现,在对物理量的测量实践中,测定值的算术平均也具有稳定性。比如,我们向上抛一枚硬币,硬币落下后哪一面朝上本来是偶然的,但当我们上抛硬币的次数足够多后,达到上万次甚至几十万几百万次以后,我们就会发现,硬币每一面向上的次数约占总次数的二分之一。偶然必然中包含着必然。

英语百科

Law of large numbers 大数定律

(重定向自Strong Law of Large Numbers)
An illustration of the law of large numbers using a particular run of rolls of a single dice.  As the number of rolls in this run increases, the average of the values of all the results approaches 3.5.  While different runs would show a different shape over a small number of throws (at the left), over a large number of rolls (to the right) they would be extremely similar.
Diffusion is an example of the law of large numbers, applied to chemistry. Initially, there are solute molecules on the left side of a barrier (purple line) and none on the right. The barrier is removed, and the solute diffuses to fill the whole container.
Top: With a single molecule, the motion appears to be quite random.
Middle: With more molecules, there is clearly a trend where the solute fills the container more and more uniformly, but there are also random fluctuations.
Bottom: With an enormous number of solute molecules (too many to see), the randomness is essentially gone: The solute appears to move smoothly and systematically from high-concentration areas to low-concentration areas. In realistic situations, chemists can describe diffusion as a deterministic macroscopic phenomenon (see Fick's laws), despite its underlying random nature.
Simulation illustrating the law of large numbers. Each frame, you flip a coin that is red on one side and blue on the other, and put a dot in the corresponding column. A pie chart shows the proportion of red and blue so far. Notice that the proportion may vary a lot at first, but gradually approaches 50%.

In probability theory, the law of large numbers (LLN) is a theorem that describes the result of performing the same experiment a large number of times. According to the law, the average of the results obtained from a large number of trials should be close to the expected value, and will tend to become closer as more trials are performed.

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更新时间:2025/6/21 0:47:43