Strict constructionists of the Jeffersonian school, of whom there were many on occasion even in the Republican party, had taken a view that the President could do nothing that he was not specifically authorized by the Constitution to do.

杰斐逊学派的严格建构主义者，有时甚至在共和党中也有很多人，他们认为总统不能做宪法没有特别授权他可以做的任何事情。