毒鲉科（学名：Synanceiidae）是辐鳍鱼纲鲉形目的一个科，只在印度洋及太平洋发现。毒鲉科品种大多数生活在海洋，但亦有少数在淡水或咸淡水交界处生活。日常俗称「石头鱼」的鱼类，大多数都被归入本科。

毒鲉科的主要成员是毒鲉属（Synanceia Bloch & Schneider）。毒鲉科独立成科以前，其物种均被划归鲉科。牠的品种在众多有毒鱼类中，其毒液所含有的神经毒素是最强的。其毒液透过其针似的背鳍底部的腺体分泌，再通过其背鳍注射进蹈到鱼体的动物内。一般来说，毒鲉科生物的背鳍有13支刺。由于毒鲉科生物善于伪装，夜行性，又时常扮成海床上的石头，所以除了日本鬼鲉以外，其他毒鲉科的物种亦有时被称为「石头鱼」。

Synanceiidae is a family of Actinopterygii, ray-finned fish, found in the Indo-Pacific oceans. They are primarily marine, though some species are known to live in fresh or brackish waters. The various species of this family are known informally as stonefish, stinger, stingfish and ghouls. The most prominent genus of the family is Synanceia, which is sometimes placed in the Scorpaenidae family. Its species are known to have the most potent neurotoxins of all the fish venoms, secreted from glands at the base of their needle-like dorsal fin spines. The vernacular name of the species derives from their behaviour of camouflaging as rocks. The type species of the family is the stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa.