Squamous cell cancers arise from squamous cells that undergo genetic mutations that either activate proto-oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

鳞状细胞癌产生于经历了基因突变的鳞状细胞，基因突变可能激活原癌基因、或使抑癌基因失活。

Squamous cell carcinoma arises from the stratified squamous epithelium.

食管鳞癌起源于复层鳞状上皮。

Squamous cell carcinoma, as you can tell by its name, arises from squamous epithelium.

鳞状细胞癌（鳞癌）正如其名，来源于鳞状上皮细胞。

Squamous cells are flat. Their name means " scale, " and they look kind of squished, like fish scales.

鳞状细胞是扁平的。它们的名字的意思是“鳞片”，它们看起来有点压扁了，就像鱼鳞一样。

When this happens, squamous cells start dividing uncontrollably, and more mutations accumulate with each division.

当基因突变发生，鳞状上皮细胞开始不受控地分裂，随着每一次分裂，新的突变还会继续积累。

They're actually tucked into tiny pockets hidden behind the stratified squamous epithelial cells on your tongue.

它们实际上被藏在舌头上复层鳞状上皮细胞后面的小口袋里。

Those squamous cells are a dime a dozen. There's still lots of layers left. Plus, epithelial tissue regenerates really quickly.

那些鳞状细胞可以说是一打一毛钱。还有很多层。另外，上皮组织再生非常快。

These cancer cells release a substance called mobility factor, which helps them break into and settle in between the squamous epithelial cells.

这些癌细胞可以释放一种叫做迁移因子的物质，可以使他们侵犯鳞状上皮细胞，并在其间安家。

For example, squamous cells are flat, which makes it easy for materials like oxygen to move across them to the other side.

例如，鳞状细胞是扁平的，这使得像氧气这样的物质很容易通过它们移动到另一边。

Most of the oral cavity is lined by stratified squamous epithelium, so the majority of cancers that arise are squamous cell cancers.

口腔内大部分表面都由复层鳞状上皮覆盖，所以大部分口腔癌都属于鳞状细胞癌。

Wearing sunscreen helps protect against the development of all three types of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

基底细胞癌、鳞状上皮癌、和黑色素瘤。

While the prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma in the oral cavity depends largely on the tumor stage, HPV status is a main prognostic factor for squamous cell carcinoma in the oropharynx.

口腔鳞状细胞癌的预后，很大程度取决于肿瘤分期，而感染HPV的状况则是口咽部鳞状细胞癌的一个主要预后因素。

Let's go back to those squamous cells. Because they're thin, like scales, it takes many layers of them to form a tissue that's thick enough to offer protection.

让我们说回那些鳞状细胞。因为它们很薄，像鳞片一样，需要很多层才能形成足够厚的组织来提供保护。

This cancer can appear in any segment of the esophagus and it's further classified into squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma - depending on the type of cells it originates from.

这种肿瘤在食管的任何节段都有可能出现，基于肿瘤来源的细胞类型，食管癌可以进一步被分为鳞状细胞癌与腺癌。

Now, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of esophageal cancer worldwide, and it originates in the squamous epithelium of the esophagus, most often in the upper two thirds.

鳞癌是世界上最常见的食管癌类型，来源于食管鳞状上皮层，最常见于食管上三分之二。

When this epithelium is repeatedly exposed to risk factors like alcohol, cigarette smoke, or hot fluids, it gets damaged, so the squamous cells divide to replace the old damaged cells.

当上皮持续性暴露在危险因素下，如酒精、香烟烟雾或高温液体时，上皮会受损，所以鳞状细胞反复分裂来取代受损的老细胞。

Squamous cell carcinoma is also known to arise at the lip vermillion in those who smoke, right at the location where a person holds the smoking device, such as a cigarette or pipe.

研究发现，鳞状细胞癌也可发生于吸烟者的唇红，部位恰在吸烟者叼着烟具（如香烟或烟斗）的地方。

Specific risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma include alcohol consumption, hot fluids and caustic strictures, which is the narrowing of the esophagus following ingestion of a caustic substance, like household bleach.

而鳞癌特有的危险因素包括饮酒、高温液体与腐蚀性食管狭窄，即摄入腐蚀性液体（如家用漂白剂）后导致食管狭窄。

Over time, just like with squamous cell carcinoma, mutations might accumulate in either tumor suppressor genes or proto-oncogenes that control the division of these metaplastic cells, ultimately resulting in a malignant tumor.

长此以往，和食管鳞癌一样，抑癌基因和原癌基因会积累一系列突变，那些控制着化生细胞的细胞周期的基因突变最终会导致恶性肿瘤。

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia can turn into a particular type of squamous cell cancer called verrucous carcinoma, and it's also sometimes called snuff-dipper's cancer since it is more common among users of snuff and other forms of chewing tobacco.

增生性疣状白斑可发展成一种特殊的鳞状细胞癌，即疣状癌，有时也叫作“鼻烟”癌，因为这在鼻烟和其它形式的嚼烟使用者中更常见。