苏维埃俄国（俄语：Советская Россия，СР）一般指1917年11月7日十月革命后至1922年12月30日苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟成立前的俄国，简称为苏俄，苏维埃俄国不是正式国名。苏维埃俄国是当时世界上土地面积最大的国家（22,053,580平方公里）。1922年12月30日，俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国（俄语：Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика，缩写为РСФСР）、白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国、乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国和外高加索苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国签署苏联成立条约，创建苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟（简称苏维埃联盟或苏联），至此正式进入苏联时代。

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Russian:Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, tr.Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika  listen ) commonly referred to as Soviet Russia or simply as Russia, was a sovereign state in 1917–22, the largest, most populous, and most economically developed republic of the Soviet Union in 1922–91 and a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with its own legislation in 1990–91. The Republic comprised sixteen autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais, and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. To the west it bordered Finland, Norway and Poland; and to the south, China, Mongolia and North Korea whilst bordering the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the east and the Black sea and Caspian Sea to the south. Within the USSR, it bordered the Baltic republics (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia), the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR to the west. To the south it bordered the Georgian, Azerbaijan and Kazakh SSRs.