宇宙线亦称为宇宙射线，是来自外太空的带电高能次原子粒子。它们可能会产生二次粒子穿透地球的大气层和表面。射线这个名词源自于曾被认为是电磁辐射的历史。主要的初级宇宙射线（来自深太空与大气层撞击的粒子）成分在地球上一般都是稳定的粒子，像是质子、原子核、或电子。但是，有非常少的比例是稳定的反物质粒子，像是正电子或反质子，这剩余的小部分是研究的活跃领域。

大约89%的宇宙线是单纯的质子，10%是氦原子核（即α粒子），还有1%是重元素。这些原子核构成宇宙线的99%。孤独的电子（像是β粒子，虽然来源仍不清楚），构成其余1%的绝大部分；γ射线和超高能微中子只占极小的一部分。

Cosmic rays are immensely high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. They may produce showers of secondary particles that penetrate and impact the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even reach the surface. Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, they are of mysterious origin. Data from the Fermi space telescope (2013) have been interpreted as evidence that a significant fraction of primary cosmic rays originate from the supernovae of massive stars. However, this is not thought to be their only source. Active galactic nuclei probably also produce cosmic rays.