土壤呼吸(Soil respiration)，生物在土壤中呼吸作用产生二氧化碳的过程，包含植物的根、根际、微生物和动物的呼吸。

土壤呼吸是重要的生态系统过程，碳在土壤中以二氧化碳(CO₂)的形式释放，其透过大气中取得，光合作用转换成有机化合物，植物再利用这些有机化合物来建造自己和借由呼吸作用释放能量。当植物地表下的根呼吸时，增加了土壤呼吸。
随着时间推移，异营生物会消耗植物的组成结构。异营生物和其它地表下生物释放的二氧化碳都被考虑进土壤呼吸中。 生态系统中大量的呼吸作用受许多因素控制:土壤中温度、湿度、营养含量和氧气量都会使呼吸速率截然不同。

Soil respiration refers to the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms respire. This includes respiration of plant roots, the rhizosphere, microbes and fauna.

Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of CO₂. CO₂ is acquired from the atmosphere and converted into organic compounds in the process of photosynthesis. Plants use these organic compounds to build structural components or respire them to release energy. When plant respiration occurs below-ground in the roots, it adds to soil respiration. Over time, plant structural components are consumed by heterotrophs. This heterotrophic consumption releases CO₂ and when this CO₂ is released by below-ground organisms, it is considered soil respiration.