This would lead to much lower costs to produce sodium ion for batteries.

这可以大幅降低生产钠离子电池的成本。

They are using aqueous sodium iodide (ie, a solution of sodium ions and iodine ions).

他们使用的是碘化钠水溶液(即钠离子和碘离子的溶液)。

Sodium ions (sodium atoms with an electron missing, which makes them positively charged) are, however, five times the size of lithium ions.

然而，钠离子—在缺少一个电子的前提下，钠原子带正电—是锂离子的五倍大小。

A weak electrical current transports sodium ions from food through the chopsticks to the mouth, said Miyashita.

宫下芳明说，微弱的电流将食物中的钠离子通过筷子输送到嘴里。

This is because " the sodium ions in salt block the bitter receptors in our mouths, " she explained.

她解释说，这是因为“盐中的钠离子阻断了我们口腔中的苦味感受器”。

That's because it stops up the channels in neurons that allow sodium ions to flow in and out.

那是因为这种物质可以堵塞神经元中的通道，阻止钠离子流进和流出。

Our research aims to reveal the atomic structures of membrane proteins that take sugars, calcium ions, and sodium ions into our cells.

我们的研究旨在揭示将糖、钙离子和钠离子带入我们细胞的膜蛋白的原子结构。

These pores let sodium ions flow into cells, and in taste cells, the incoming sodium ultimately sends a signal to the brain.

这些孔会让钠离子流入细胞，在味觉细胞中，进入的钠最终会向大脑发送信号。

Instead, as their channels let sodium ions trickle in, they cause the membrane potential to slowly and inevitably drift toward its threshold.

相反，当它们的通道让钠离子滴入时，它们会导致膜电位缓慢且不可避免地向阈值漂移。

So, in this case, it's just a " sodium ion" .

所以，在这种情况下， 它只是一个“钠离子” 。

It's made of positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chlorine ions.

它由带正电的钠离子和带负电的氯离子组成。

This done, they immersed the slivers in an electrolyte containing sodium ions and put the resulting battery through 400 cycles of discharging and recharging.

完成这些后，研究人员把木条浸在一种含有钠离子的电解液里，对这种特殊的“电池”进行了四百次的循环充放电。

So the sodium ion is written like this, while the ion of chlorine looks like this.

所以钠离子是这样写的， 而氯离子是这样写的。

In most cells, the action potential starts with the resting potential, which the cell maintains by pumping sodium ions out and potassium ions in, Right?

在大多数细胞中，动作电位是从静息电位开始的，静息电位是细胞通过泵送钠离子和泵送钾离子来维持的，对吗？

Then, when some stimulus causes the sodium channels open up, the sodium ions flood back in, which raises the membrane potential until it reaches its threshold.

然后，当一些刺激导致钠通道打开时，钠离子会涌入，这会提高膜电位，直到达到阈值。

Blocking sodium ion channels is not a new idea but the similarities between the various channels has made the strategy impractical.

阻断钠离子通道并不是一个新想法，但各种通道之间的相似性使得该策略不切实际。

The device uses a weak electrical current to transmit sodium ions from food, through the chopsticks, to the mouth where they create a sense of saltiness, said Miyashita.

宫下称，这种装置利用微电流将食物中的钠离子通过筷子传递到口腔，从而产生咸味。

As any high-school chemist knows, lithium and sodium are chemically similar. Sodium ions (sodium atoms with an electron missing, which makes them positively charged) are, however, five times the size of lithium ions.

任何一个高中的化学家都知道，锂和钠的化学性质很相似。然而，钠离子—在缺少一个电子的前提下，钠原子带正电—只有锂离子的五分之一大小。

For example, salty things are full of positively-charged sodium ions that cause sodium channels in the gustatory cells to open, which generate a graded potential, and spark an action potential.

例如，咸的东西充满带正电荷的钠离子，导致味觉细胞中的钠通道打开，从而产生分级电位并激发动作电位。

A more promising pain-relief candidate from Vertex Pharmaceuticals, a firm based in Boston, Massachusetts, works by limiting the flow of sodium ions into nerve cells.

来自马萨诸塞州波士顿的 Vertex Pharmaceuticals 公司的一种更有希望的镇痛候选药物，通过限制钠离子流入神经细胞来发挥作用。