What does social stratification look like in the here and now?

此时此地的社会分层是什么样子的？

This is the idea of a meritocracy – or social stratification based on personal merit.

这就是精英管理的理念——或基于个人优点的社会分层。

Social stratification is what we’re talking about, when we talk about inequality.

当我们谈论不平等时，我们谈论的就是社会分层。

Now, there are many factors besides income and wealth that influence social stratification in the US.

现在，除了收入和财富之外，还有很多因素会影响美国的社会分层。

Civilizations are also usually associated with social stratification, centralized government, shared values, generally in the form of religion, and writing.

文明通常还与社会分层、 中央集权政府、 共同价值观（通常以宗教形式） 和文字相关。

Finally, we discussed some explanations for global poverty, including technology, gender inequality, social stratification, and global power relationships like colonialism.

最后，我们讨论了对全球贫困的一些解释，包括技术、性别不平等、社会分层以及殖民主义等全球权力关系。

Beliefs are what make systems of social stratification work.

信仰是社会分层系统发挥作用的因素。

Then, we compared the perspectives of Structural Functionalists and Social Conflict Theorists on whether religion improves social cohesiveness or increases social stratification.

然后，我们比较了结构功能主义者和社会冲突理论家关于宗教是提高社会凝聚力还是增加社会分层的观点。

So this means that there are leaders. We see here also, besides the social stratification, the clear belief in life after death.

所以这意味着有领导者。 我们在这里还看到，除了社会分层之外， 还有对死后生命的明确信念。

That’s because, one of the first principles of social stratification is that it’s universal, but variable.

这是因为，社会分层的首要原则之一是它是普遍的，但又是可变的。

Today we learned about social stratification.

今天我们学习了社会分层。

He focused on ideas like rationalization, bureaucracy and social stratification.

他专注于合理化、官僚主义和社会分层等思想。

We discussed bureaucracy, legitimacy, and social stratification in the modern state.

我们讨论了现代国家的官僚主义、合法性和社会分层。

And it’s these beliefs about social stratification that inform what it means to deserve wealth, or success, or power.

正是这些关于社会分层的信念告诉我们应得财富、成功或权力意味着什么。

That’s why, when talk about social stratification on a global level, it’s important to remember the distinctions between relative and absolute poverty.

这就是为什么在全球范围内谈论社会分层时，一定要记住相对贫困和绝对贫困之间的区别。

When we first defined social stratification, we said that it involved putting people into categories.

当我们第一次定义社会分层时，我们说它涉及将人们分类。

Today, however, we talked about five ways that social stratification plays out in the US: income inequality, wealth inequality, political power, occupational prestige, and educational attainment.

然而，今天，我们讨论了美国社会分层的五种表现方式：收入不平等、财富不平等、政治权力、职业声望和教育程度。

Everything from social status and prestige, to the kind of job you can hold, to your chances of living in poverty, are affected by social stratification.

从社会地位和声望，到你能从事的工作，再到你生活在贫困中的机会，一切都受到社会分层的影响。

Karl Marx saw religion as an agent of social stratification, which served those in power by legitimizing the status quo and framing existing inequality as part of a divine plan.

卡尔马克思将宗教视为社会分层的代理人，它通过使现状合法化并将现有的不平等视为神圣计划的一部分来为当权者服务。

Both caste systems use ancestry and lineage as a main principle of social stratification, but race has also been used as the main distinction in closed social systems.

两种种姓制度都使用血统和血统作为社会分层的主要原则，但种族也被用作封闭社会系统的主要区别。