姐妹分体交换（Sister chromatid exchange, 缩写 SCE），是两个同卵姐妹染色单体之间的基因材料交换。

在减数分裂中，一条来自父方，一条来自母方的染色体叫做同源染色体。同源染色体 两两 配对，复制后，由于每条染色体都含有两条姐妹染色单体，因此，配对后的每对同源染色体都含有四条染色单体，叫做四分体。每个四分体都有2条染色体，2对姐妹染色单体，4个DNA分子。由于四分体时期同源染色体之间经常互相缠绕，再分开时不一定能维持染色体原来的形态和组成，有可能发生同源非姐妹染色体之间的交叉互换，这是染色单体上，也是不久之后染色体上基因重组的原因。

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) is the exchange of genetic material between two identical sister chromatids.

It was first discovered by using the Giemsa staining method on one chromatid belonging to the sister chromatid complex before anaphase in mitosis. The staining revealed that few segments were passed to the sister chromatid which were not dyed. The Giemsa staining was able to stain due to the presence of bromodeoxyuridine analogous base which was introduced to the desired chromatid.