《麻醉品单一公约》（英语：Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs）是反对违法麻醉药品制造和走私的国际条约，它形成全球药品控制制度的基础。以前的条约只控制鸦片，古柯和衍生物（如吗啡和海洛因）。1961年采用的这一单一公约巩固了以前的那些条约，拓宽了它们的范围（包括大麻），允许控制具有与条约中指定药品相似影响的任何药品。麻醉药品委员会和世界卫生组织得到授权，可以在四个控制物质日程中增加，删除和移动药品。国际麻醉药管制委员会（INCB）负责控制药品生产，国际贸易和分配。联合国药物管制与预防犯罪办事厅代表INCB进行日常工作，监督每个国家的状况，与国家当局协作，保证与该单一公约的一致性。这一条约已由《精神药物公约》（控制LSD，摇头丸和其它改变思维的药品）和《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》（加强打击洗钱和其它与药品有关的违法行为）做了补充。

The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs and of drugs with similar effects except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and research. As noted below, its major effects included updating the Paris Convention of 13 July 1931 to include the vast number of synthetic opioids invented in the intervening thirty years and a mechanism for more easily including new ones. From 1931 to 1961, most of the families of synthetic opioids had been developed, including drugs in whatever way related to methadone, pethidine, morphinans and dextromoramide and related drugs; research on fentanyls and piritramide was also nearing fruition at that point.