简谐运动（或简谐振动、谐振、SHM（Simple Harmonic Motion））既是最基本也是最简单的一种机械振动。当某物体进行简谐运动时，物体所受的力跟位移成正比，并且力总是指向平衡位置。

如果用F表示物体受到的回复力，用x表示小球对于平衡位置的位移，根据虎克定律，F和x成正比，它们之间的关系可用下式来表示：

式中的k是回复力与位移成正比的比例系数；负号的意思是：回复力的方向总跟物体位移的方向相反。

根据牛顿第二定律，F=ma，当物体质量一定时，运动物体的加速度总跟物体所受合力的大小成正比，并且跟合力的方向相同。简谐运动系统的机械能守恒。

In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement and acts in the direction opposite to that of displacement.

Simple harmonic motion can serve as a mathematical model for a variety of motions, such as the oscillation of a spring. In addition, other phenomena can be approximated by simple harmonic motion, including the motion of a simple pendulum as well as molecular vibration. Simple harmonic motion is typified by the motion of a mass on a spring when it is subject to the linear elastic restoring force given by Hooke's Law. The motion is sinusoidal in time and demonstrates a single resonant frequency. For simple harmonic motion to be an accurate model for a pendulum, the net force on the object at the end of the pendulum must be proportional to the displacement. This will be a good approximation when the angle of swing is small.