The warning comes from ASML, the company makes lithography machines that etch circuits onto silicon wafers.

该警告来自ASML，该公司生产的光刻机将电路蚀刻在硅片上。

To manufacture these integrated circuits, the transistors are built up layer by layer, on a pure crystalline silicon wafer.

为了制造这些集成电路，晶体管需要在纯晶体硅片上一层一层地组装起来。

The transistor used to be a big, bulky device, until the invent of the integrated circuit based on pure crystalline silicon wafers.

过去晶体管是一种又大又笨重的器件，直到基于纯晶硅晶片的集成电路的发明后才慢慢改变。

A single silicon wafer is generally used to create dozens of ICs.

单个硅晶圆通常用于制造数十个 IC。

Demand for cars has since recovered. But the complexities of the production process means it takes three to four months to turn a blank silicon wafer into a usable batch of chips.

自那以后对汽车的需求已经逐渐恢复，但生产过程的复杂性意味着将一张空白硅片变为一组可用的芯片需要三到四个月的时间。

They just used a hot plate with either a metal plate or a silicon wafer on top, then the oil (they used silicon oil), then a syringe to precisely place a water drop.

研究人员只用了一块热板，可以是一块金属板，也可以是一块硅片板，涂上油(他们使用的是硅油)，然后用注射器精确地滴下水珠。

It explains why diamond is so hard while graphite is so soft and how the main ingredient in sand can also be made into the silicon wafers that make our electronics.

它解释了为什么金刚石如此坚硬而石墨如此柔软，以及沙子中的主要成分如何也可以制成制造电子产品的硅晶片。

In the second half of 2021 global spending on equipment to etch chips onto silicon wafers jumped by about 75% compared with pre-covid levels, estimates Malcolm Penn of Future Horizons, another research firm.

2021 年下半年全球用于将芯片蚀刻到硅晶圆上的设备支出与疫情前的水平相比增长了约 75% 另一家研究公司 Future Horizo​​ns 的 Malcolm Penn 估计，。