在应用数学和物理学中，谱密度、功率谱密度和能量谱密度是一个用于信号的通用概念，它表示每赫兹的功率、每赫兹的能量这样的物理量纲。

在物理学中，信号通常是波的形式，例如电磁波、随机振动或者声波。当波的频谱密度乘以一个适当的系数后将得到每单位频率波携带的功率，这被称为信号的功率谱密度（power spectral density, PSD）或者谱功率分布（spectral power distribution, SPD）。功率谱密度的单位通常用每赫兹的瓦特数（W/Hz）表示，或者使用波长而不是频率，即每纳米的瓦特数（W/nm）来表示。

The power spectrum of a time series describes the distribution of power into frequency components composing that signal. According to Fourier analysis any physical signal can be decomposed into a number of discrete frequencies, or a spectrum of frequencies over a continuous range. The statistical average of a certain signal or sort of signal (including noise) as analyzed in terms of its frequency content, is called its spectrum.